Uniqueness

Characteristic Name:	Uniqueness
Dimension:	Consistency
Description:	The data is uniquely identifiable
Granularity:	Record
Implementation Type:	Rule-based approach
Characteristic Type:	Declarative

Verification Metric:

The number of duplicate records reported per thousand records

GuidelinesExamplesDefinitons

The implementation guidelines are guidelines to follow in regard to the characteristic. The scenarios are examples of the implementation

Guidelines:	Scenario:
Ensure that every entity(record) is unique by implementing a key in every relation	(1) Key constraint
Ensure that same entity is not recorded twice under different unique identifiers	(1) Same customer is entered under different customer ID
Ensure that unique key is not-null at any cost	(1) Employee ID which is the key of employee table is not null at any cost
In case of using bar codes standardise the bar code generation process to ensure that Bar codes are not reused	(1) UPC

Validation Metric:

How mature is the creation and implementation of the DQ rules to maintain uniqueness of data records

These are examples of how the characteristic might occur in a database.

Example:	Source:
A school has 120 current students and 380 former students (i.e. 500 in total) however; the Student database shows 520 different student records. This could include Fred Smith and Freddy Smith as separate records, despite there only being one student at the school named Fred Smith. This indicates a uniqueness of 500/520 x 100 = 96.2%	N. Askham, et al., “The Six Primary Dimensions for Data Quality Assessment: Defining Data Quality Dimensions”, DAMA UK Working Group, 2013.
duplicate vendor records with the same name and different addresses make it difficult to ensure that payment is sent to the correct address. When purchases by one company are associated with duplicate master records, the credit limit for that company can unknowingly be exceeded. This can expose the business to unnecessary credit risks.	D. McGilvray, “Executing Data Quality Projects: Ten Steps to Quality Data and Trusted Information”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2008.
on two maps of the same date. Since events have a duration, this idea can be extended to identify events that exhibit temporal overlap.	H. Veregin, “Data Quality Parameters” in P. A. Longley, M. F. Goodchild, D. J. Maguire, and D. W. Rhind (eds) Geographical Information Systems: Volume 1, Principles and Technical Issues. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999, pp. 177-89.
The patient’s identification details are correct and uniquely identify the patient.	P. J. Watson, “Improving Data Quality: A Guide for Developing Countries”, World Health Organization, 2003.

The Definitions are examples of the characteristic that appear in the sources provided.

Definition:	Source:
The entity is unique — there are no duplicate values.	B. BYRNE, J. K., D. MCCARTY, G. SAUTER, H. SMITH, P WORCESTER 2008. The information perspective of SOA design Part 6:The value of applying the data quality analysis pattern in SOA. IBM corporation.
Asserting uniqueness of the entities within a data set implies that no entity exists more than once within the data set and that there is a key that can be used to uniquely access each entity. For example, in a master product table, each product must appear once and be assigned a unique identifier that represents that product across the client applications.	LOSHIN, D. 2006. Monitoring Data quality Performance using Data Quality Metrics. Informatica Corporation.
Each real-world phenomenon is either represented by at most one identifiable data unit or by multiple but consistent identifiable units or by multiple identifiable units whose inconsistencies are resolved within an acceptable time frame.	PRICE, R. J. & SHANKS, G. Empirical refinement of a semiotic information quality framework. System Sciences, 2005. HICSS'05. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, 2005. IEEE, 216a-216a.

Ease of data access

Characteristic Name:	Ease of data access
Dimension:	Availability and Accessability
Description:	Data should be easily accessible in a form that is suitable for its intended use.
Granularity:	Information object
Implementation Type:	Process-based approach
Characteristic Type:	Usage

Verification Metric:

The number of tasks failed or under performed due to lack of ease in data access

The number of complaints received due to lack of ease in data access

GuidelinesExamplesDefinitons

The implementation guidelines are guidelines to follow in regard to the characteristic. The scenarios are examples of the implementation

Guidelines:	Scenario:
Routinely accessed information to continue operations, should be automatically delivered to stakeholders online without wasting their time to search for it.	(1) Daily exchange rates are linked into the accounting application or maintained in a dash board on the accountants desktop. (2) Production efficiency is made available on a display board in the production floor.
Information needed for management reporting purposes should be identified and catered through built in reports where the users do not have to create the reports themselves.	(1) Order status is frequently searched information by different stake holder groups and hence a report is made available with multiple searching criteria.
Facilitate users by providing tools to query the database without using any specific technical knowledge and perform business analytics to bring innovation	(1) Technical infrastructure supports the users to develop their own reports based on dynamic information needs without consulting technical staff.
Facilitate the user to filter the relevant information depending on the need.	(1) Sales report with filtering criteria for customer and date range.
The interfaces and reports should be created conveniently the users do not have to write complex queries or further process information before usage.	(1) Product prices are ordered as per "Relevance" or "Price" to enable an e-commerce customer on a purchase decision

Validation Metric:

How mature is the process of maintaining ease in data access

These are examples of how the characteristic might occur in a database.

Example:	Source:
Consider a database containing orders from customers. A practice for handling complaints and returns is to create an “adjustment” order for backing out the original order and then writing a new order for the corrected information if applicable. This procedure assigns new order numbers to the adjustment and replacement orders. For the accounting department, this is a high-quality database. All of the numbers come out in the wash. For a business analyst trying to determine trends in growth of orders by region, this is a poor-quality database. If the business analyst assumes that each order number represents a distinct order, his analysis will be all wrong. Someone needs to explain the practice and the methods necessary to unravel the data to get to the real numbers (if that is even possible after the fact).	J. E. Olson, “Data Quality: The Accuracy Dimension”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 9 January 2003.

Example:

Source:

Consider a database containing orders from customers. A practice for handling complaints and returns is to create an “adjustment” order for backing out the original order and then writing a new order for the corrected information if applicable. This procedure assigns new order numbers to the adjustment and replacement orders. For the accounting department, this is a high-quality database. All of the numbers come out in the wash. For a business analyst trying to determine trends in growth of orders by region, this is a poor-quality database. If the business analyst assumes that each order number represents a distinct order, his analysis will be all wrong. Someone needs to explain the practice and the methods necessary to unravel the data to get to the real numbers (if that is even possible after the fact).

J. E. Olson, “Data Quality: The Accuracy Dimension”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 9 January 2003.

The Definitions are examples of the characteristic that appear in the sources provided.

Definition:	Source:
Accessibility refers to the physical conditions in which users can obtain data Clarity refers to the data’s information environment including appropriate metadata.	LYON, M. 2008. Assessing Data Quality , Monetary and Financial Statistics. Bank of England. http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/ statistics/Documents/ms/articles/art1mar08.pdf.
Speed and ease of locating and obtaining an information object relative to a particular activity	STVILIA, B., GASSER, L., TWIDALE, M. B. & SMITH, L. C. 2007. A framework for information quality assessment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58, 1720-1733.
Data are available or easily or quickly retrieved.	WANG, R. Y. & STRONG, D. M. 1996. Beyond accuracy: What data quality means to data consumers. Journal of management information systems, 5-33.